Uplands and plateaus alternate with lowlands, depressions, and valleys The Estonian explanatory dictionary gives two definitions to the word ‘landscape’: the landscape as an area with a naturally uniform appearance, where certain landforms, vegetation units, manifestations of human activity, etc. are repeated; landscape as the nature of the appearance, colours, and shapes of a given area within...

Exploration of the earth and core samples A core sample is a column of rock or sediment taken from a borehole by a specially designed drilling method. The core sample is an important source of geological information that provides information on the rocks and sediments in the earth. The properties of the rock layers (mineral and chemical composition, structure, etc.), their sequence, thickness, age...

Designer cells can be made to produce, for example, essential pharmaceuticals or biofuels Synthetic biology is a discipline that involves cell modelling and the artificial synthesis of the hereditary material (DNA). In the field of synthetic biology, new life forms are artificially created or existing ones are reshaped by reprogramming cell behaviour and giving them new desired properties [1]...

People started to create GMOs to make production cheaper quickly and more precisely, and to improve the quality of products GMOs and their uses In a genetically modified organism (GMO), a characteristic of that organism has been altered by modern biotechnological methods. The first bacterium obtained in this way was created in 1971 in the United States. The first genetically modified (GM) plants...

This page provides information on biosafety experts from various countries.

This page provides an overview of projects and programmes implemented in various countries to increase national administrative capacity to deal with living modified organisms.

This page provides information on the risk assessments of GMOs carried out in various countries and relevant information on which GMOs and for what purposes (cultivation, marketing, etc.) have been authorised in those countries.

This page contains decisions and declarations relating to the implementation of the Cartagena Protocol by various countries. The search function can be used in English.

This page provides information on biosafety-related legislation in various countries. The search function can be used in English.

Here you will find the reports submitted by Estonia on the implementation of the Cartagena Protocol.